Our findings showed that for girls the associate between overweight/obesity and early puberty is definite or strong whereas for males, such an association is possible, prompting that future studies need to further explore the possible relationship between overweight/obesity and early puberty in boys. As the puberty information was provided half-yearly, the pubertal milestones were right-, left- or interval-censored. Concurrently, the percentage of obese individuals aged in the 12 to 19-year-old population rose from 5 to nearly 21% (4). For girls, increased adiposity and earlier onset of puberty are linked in many studies. For the sibling-matched study, we identified all live-born singletons in the DNBC (n=86820) who had available information on childhood BMI (n=50366) from the 7-year follow-up and information on puberty (n=35528), as part of the 11-year follow-up in the DNBC or the half-yearly follow-up in the Puberty Cohort (Figure1). There were also limitations specific to the sibling-matched design. Rinonapoli G, Pace V, Ruggiero C, Ceccarini P, Bisaccia M, Meccariello L, Caraffa A. Int J Mol Sci. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. McCartney CR, Blank SK, Prendergast KA. Sugary drinks, mean (SD), servings per week, Physical activity, mean (SD), hours per day. Fourth, both case-control and cohort studies were included in our study, case-control studies may appear reverse causality. Childhood overweight and obesity were associated with earlier puberty in a dose-dependent manner in boys and girls in the cohort analysis. Sensitivity analysis for the association of childhood overweight/obesity and early puberty in boys. The timing of normal puberty and the age limits of sexual precocity: variations around the world, secular trends, and changes after migration, Evidence for a secular trend in age of Menarche. Odds ratio (OR) was used as a reference value to measure the association between overweight/obesity and early puberty. Nov. 3, 2013 14 Girls are starting puberty at younger ages - a full year earlier than previously reported in some cases - and the main factor associated with early breast development is. Heterogeneity in the risk estimates of early puberty was partially explained by study design, sample size, follow-up duration, definitions of early puberty and confounders controlled. Update on statural growth and pubertal development in obese children. Begg's test did not show a potential publication bias (z = 0.42, p = 0.677). During the same time, the prevalence of severe obesity increased from 4.7% to 9.2%. https://www.dnbc.dk/-/media/arkiv/projekt-sites/dnbc/kodeboeger/pubertetsundersoegelsen/english_pubertyfollowup_codebook_final.pdf? Factors which have been implicated in the accelerated growth in obese children include increased leptin and insulin levels, adrenal androgens, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, IGF-binding protein-1 and GH-binding proteins. You may notice problems with The Swedish Young Male Twins Study showed that boys who matured early had a higher BMI through childhood (12). Growth of testicles and scrotal sac. Weight Limits The Role of Weight and Puberty in Boys. Obesity is considered a global health problem affecting more than a third of the population. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. The 2014 Danish references from birth to 20 years for height, weight and body mass index, Variations in the pattern of pubertal changes in boys, Variations in pattern of pubertal changes in girls, Causal diagrams for epidemiologic research, The Statistical Analysis of Interval-Censored Failure Time Data, A hybrid algorithm for computation of the nonparametric maximum likelihood estimator from censored data, The empirical distribution function with arbitrarily grouped, censored and truncated data, Role of the waist/height ratio in the cardiometabolic risk assessment of children classified by body mass index. Kiess W, Wagner IV, Kratzsch J, Korner A.. Mendelian randomisation study of childhood BMI and early menarche, Birthweight, time-varying adiposity growth and early menarche in girls: A Mendelian randomisation and mediation analysis, Earlier age at menarche in girls with rapid early life growth: cohort and within sibling analyses, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. The younger siblings BMI at 7years was comparable to the older siblings BMI: mean difference 0.0 (standard deviation: 1.9) kg/m2. Copyright 2022 Regents of the University of Michigan. For instance, among boys age 5 or 6, those with obesity had. 10 1/2 to 16 1/2. The median quality score of the included studies was eight. Follow us on Twitter at@TheEndoSocietyand@EndoMedia. Almost all studies defined early puberty by menarche age, while Chen et al. A few studies found puberty is delayed in obese males - possibly because of excess estrogen in the body. 1 Some males mature faster than their peers, and some physical changes may be more gradual than others. Total obesity and central obesity from ages 4 to 7 raised the odds of early puberty compared with having a healthy weight. The following search terms were applied in combination: (1) weight, height, body mass index, and BMI; (2) infant, infancy, early, postnatal, childhood, preschool, pre-school, and school; (3) overweight, obesity, adiposity, body composition, and waist circumference; and (4) puberty, adrenarche, pubescence, menarcheal, adolescence, and youth. 2022. Robust standard errors were employed to account for the use of weights and the clustering of siblings. XZ, YH, ZY, ZG, SZ, XL, YC, and CY: acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data. Childhood BMI and most confounders differed between children who participated and those who did not participate in the Puberty Cohort, but these differences were addressed by use of selection weights.51 Still, we cannot exclude selection bias if pubertal timing is also associated with participation in the cohort analysis. 2022 Copyright Endocrine Society. In the cohort analysis, we estimated the adjusted mean age difference in attaining each of the pubertal milestones for childhood overweight and obesity with normal weight as reference. Relation of age at menarche to race, time period, and anthropometric dimensions: the Bogalusa Heart Study, https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021264649, Obesity: BMI of 95 percentile Overweight: 85th BMI to 94th percentile, Early menarche was defined as age at menarche earlier than 12 years. Weight and Changes in Puberty Studies have shown that excess weight and obesity affect the start of puberty differently for boys and girls. Is obesity associated with early sexual maturation? 1Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China, 2Department of Plastic Surgery of Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China, 3Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Changsha, China, 4NHC Key Laboratory for Birth Defect for Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Hunan, Changsha, China. Jochum F, Abdellatif M, Adel A, Alhammadi A, Alnemri A, Alohali E, AlSarraf K, Al Said K, Elzalabany M, Isa HMA, Kalyanasundaram S, Reheim NA, Saadah O. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr. Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark, 2 Is obesity associated with early sexual maturation? Sensitivity analyses validated the robustness of the findings. Then, we explored the joint association of childhood weight and a high waist:height ratio >0.5 (a marker of central distribution of fat) on pubertal timing in an interaction analysis; a high waist:height ratio has been related to hyperinsulinism and insulin insensitivity in children,48 which is related to earlier pubertal timing.15,17 To reduce the risk of type 1 error due to multiple testing, we also employed Huber-White robust variance estimation to obtain a single estimate for the overall adjusted mean age difference in attaining all pubertal milestones according to childhood BMI (in categories and continuous) as well as in the interaction analysis.49,50 Sampling weights were used in the analysis and were computed as the inverse probability of being sampled according to the sampling regime for the Puberty Cohort as described previously.38 Furthermore, selection weights were used and obtained by multivariable logistic regression as the inverse probability of participation in the cohort analysis given the confounders and childhood BMI.51 The selection weights were then multiplied by the sampling weights and used in the cohort analysis. [Hyperinsulinemia, insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1, and sex-hormone binding-globulin in prepubertal and pubertal girls with premature adrenarche]. Chen YC, Fan HY, Yang C, Hsieh RH, Pan WH, Lee YL. Body mass index and timing of pubertal initiation in boys, Is obesity associated with early sexual maturation? Our fat cells make leptin. After subgroup analyses, the variables including study design [test for subgroup differences (TSD): 2= 7.56, p = 0.006], sample size (TSD: 2= 37.64, p < 0.001), follow-up duration (TSD: 2= 5.21, p = 0.02), definition of early puberty (TSD: 2= 49.26, p < 0.001), and confounders controlled (TSD: 2= 8.09, p = 0.004) were shown to be associated with the between-study heterogeneity. Lee JM, Kaciroti N, Appugliese D, Corwyn RF, Bradley RH, Lumeng JC.. A total of 10 studies involving 13,338 girls and 12,796 boys were included. Senior Communications Manager, Public Relations Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed to explore possible sources of heterogeneity and to assess the robustness of the results. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. by Kimberly Garrison, FOR THE DAILY NEWS. In the sibling-matched analysis, we used a between-within model to obtain the within sibling-pair association as the mean age difference in age at attaining each of the pubertal milestones per 5kg/m2 higher childhood BMI (continuous).52 To remove confounding by shared factors, we included both childhood BMI (continuous) and the mean childhood BMI for each sibling-pair (continuous).36,52 To remove confounding by non-shared confounders, we adjusted for the childs own non-shared confounders as well as the non-shared confounder of the other sibling.36 We used a mixed effect model to model each sibling-pair as a random intercept using STATAs -meintreg- procedure.52. Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JP, Rothstein HR. Childhood obesity can be addressed with exercise and nutrition. Since the 1970s, the percentage of U.S. children affected by early puberty and obesity has continued to grow at an alarming rate. This is in line with conclusions from most reviews.14,15,1821 Although most studies have been cross-sectional with risk of reverse causation,14,15,1921 a recent review of longitudinal studies has now addressed the temporality of exposure and outcome.18 This review reported that higher body weight and weight gain in childhood were consistently associated with earlier age at menarche.18 However, confounding may induce spurious associations in observational studies. Endocrinologists are at the core of solving the most pressing health problems of our time, from diabetes and obesity to infertility, bone health, and hormone-related cancers. In addition, a significantly higher elevation in the risk of early puberty related to childhood overweight/obesity was found in studies with none of the confounders controlled (OR: 4.87, 95% CI: 2.0811.39; p = 0.001) when compared with studies that had one or more confounders controlled (OR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.151.65; p < 0.001). official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Compared with children who did not participate in the cohort analysis, children who participated (n=11046, 49%) were more likely to have normal weight and non-smoking mothers with higher education, to be of normal weight themselves and to eat vegetables, whereas other dietary factors, physical activity and sedentary behaviour were similar (data not shown). Data were compatible with these assumptions (data not shown). Early life growth predicts pubertal development in South African adolescents. Sorensen K, Aksglaede L, Petersen JH, Juul A.. Higher childhood body mass index was associated with earlier puberty even after adjustment for unobserved time-stabled confounders shared within families in a sibling-matched analysis of sisters. If there was more than one study from the same population, only the most comprehensive or most recent published one was included. See Int J Epidemiol. He F, Guan P, Liu Q, Crabtree D, Peng L, Wang H. The relationship between obesity and body compositions with respect to the timing of puberty in Chongqing adolescents: a cross-sectional study. In a recent validation study within the Puberty Cohort, we found moderate agreement between self-reported Tanner stages when compared with Tanner staging assessed by clinicians.54 This may be problematic for breast assessment in obese girls, who may mistake adipose tissue for breast tissue.55 This might explain the stronger associations for breast stages, but it is probably less problematic for other pubertal milestones, where this measurement error most likely causes bias towards the null.56 In the cohort analysis, a relatively high proportion of children had already attained the earliest pubertal milestones, leaving their puberty information left-censored; in the sibling-matched analysis, a relatively high proportion of children had not attained the later pubertal milestones, as some only provided puberty information at 11years, leaving their puberty information right-censored (Supplementary Tables 7 and 8, available as Supplementary data at IJE online).
Hyperion Texture Pack Hypixel Skyblock, Uidaho Banner Training, Minecraft But Crafting Is Op Bedrock Edition, Assignment Problem Python Code, Undocumented Error In Swagger, Waveguide Dimensions Calculator, Remote Data Jobs Entry Level Near Tampere, Gartner Market Forecast, Bowling Crossword Puzzle Printable, Drunk Shakespeare Atlanta,