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autoethnography vs ethnography

The Telegraph (UK). ), SAGE Research Methods Foundations. PubMedGoogle Scholar. I want to know what you know in the way you know it. You must have a valid academic email address to sign up. Difference Between Coronavirus and Cold Symptoms, Difference Between Coronavirus and Influenza, Difference Between Coronavirus and Covid 19, Difference Between Medical Assistant and Nurse, Difference Between Achondroplasia and Hypochondroplasia, Difference Between White-Box and Black-Box Testing, What is the Difference Between IV Infusion and IV Bolus, What is the Difference Between Mass Density and Optical Density, What is the Difference Between Troponin I and Troponin T Test, What is the Difference Between PID and UTI, What is the Difference Between Collagen and Glutathione, What is the Difference Between Asbestos and Radon. Changes in conceptions of self, society and identity, post-modern, post-structural and . AUTOETHNOGRAPHY meaning - AUTOETHNOGRAPHY pronunciation - AU. TESOL Q 50(1):109131, Crookes G (2009) Values, philosophies, and beliefs in TESOL: making a statement. Sometimes these two meanings overlap, but they may not. Written for social science students, teachers, teacher educators, and educational researchers, the . It's also a genre of academic writing that combines elements of autobiography, ethnography, and . Navigating away from this page will delete your results. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Kubota R (2002) (Un)ravelling racism in a nice field like TESOL. Routledge, New York/Abingdon, Chun C (2016) Addressing racialized multicultural discourses in an EAP textbook: working towards a critical pedagogies approach. Autoethnography raises questions about the insider/outsider dichotomy and the construction of the objective observer. Routledge, New York/London, pp 4149, Canagarajah AS (2012a) Styling ones own in the Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora: implications for language and ethnicity. This visualization demonstrates how methods are related and connects users to relevant content. The paper will go on to explore the advantages,. 4 Nov 2022, doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781526421036815143, Reed-Danahay, Deborah (2019). Your last name and the page # 1. 1. you can save clips, playlists and searches, Navigating away from this page will delete your results. Required fields are marked *. Wiley, Oxford, Sultana F (2007) Reflexivity, positionality and participatory ethics: negotiating fieldwork dilemmas in international research. In: Baker H Jr, Diawara M, Lindeborg R (eds) Black British cultural studies: a reader. Autoethnography is a tool for critical examination of intercultural experiences, and vignettes, describing a sequence of such experiences, can build a profile of intercultural communication which can expose a growth in cultural adaptation. The current discourse on this genre of research refers almost exclusively to "evocative autoethnography" that draws upon postmodern sensibilities and whose advocates distance themselves from realist and analytic ethnographic traditions. SAGE Research Methods. Sage, Thousand Oaks, Pratt ML (1986) Fieldwork in common places. Political Science and International Relations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc., 2004. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412950589.n41. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/11/14/british-explorer-benedict-allen-goes-missing-papua-new-guinea/. . TESOL Q 46(4):642670, Casanave CP, Li X (eds) (2008) Learning the literacy practices of graduate school: insiders reflections on academic enculturation. He/she is always interested in digging up the history of man over a million of years ago and traces the development of the human to the present. in the respective study. Cultural studiescritical methodologies. Forum Qual Soc Res 12(1):Art 10, Erickson F (2018) A history of qualitative inquiry in social and educational research. "Autoethnography." Routledge, Abingdon/New York, Stanley P, Vass G (eds) (2018) Questions of culture in autoethnography. However, the key difference between both is that the anthropology is the study of man, both in the present and past. Political Science and International Relations, https://methods.sagepub.com/foundations/autoethnography, CCPA Do Not Sell My Personal Information. Wiley, Chichester, pp 8497, Paltridge B, Starfield S, Tardy CM (2016) Ethnographic perspectives on academic writing. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. ACME 6(3):374385, Szwabowski O (2017) Letters from my tribe. Sage, Thousand Oaks, Kovach M (2009) Indigenous methodologies: characteristics, conversations, and contexts. In this book, Christopher Poulos provides a step-by-step guide to writing autoethnography, illustrating its essential features and practices with excerpts from his own and others' work. Routledge, Abingdon/New York, Borges JL (1944) Ficciones. The term "autoethnography" first formally appeared in the 1970s. Autoethnography is an intriguing and promising qualitative method that offers a way of giving voice to personal experience for the purpose of extending sociological understanding. The poster will demonstrate a visual technique used for an autoethnography project. According to the definition on Wikipedia, autoethnography is described in the following way: "Autoethnography is a form of qualitative research in which an author uses self-reflection and writing to explore anecdotal and personal experience and connect this autobiographical story to wider cultural, political, and social meanings and . "Autoethnography." An overview of ethnography in healthcare and medical education research, Goodson, L. and Vassar, M. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3100516/pdf/jeehp-8-4.pdf. Autoethnography differs from ethnography, a social research method employed by anthropologists and sociologists, in that it embraces and foregrounds the researcher's subjectivity rather than attempting to limit it, as in empirical research. Routledge, Abingdon/New York, pp 6979, Jackson AY, Mazzei LA (2009) Voice in qualitative inquiry: challenging conventional, interpretive, and critical conceptions in qualitative research. Issues Inf Sci Inf Technol 4:407419, Khanam R (2016) My Junglee story matters: autoethnography and language planning and policy. Aguirre-Armendriz E, Gil-Jurez A (2015) Cuando contar le tesis es hacer la tesis: Investigacin y escritura autoetnogrfica [When writing the thesis is doing the thesis: autoethnographic research and writing]. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek, pp 384405, Pennycook A (2001) Critical applied linguistics: a critical introduction. In: Nakayama TK, Halaulani RT (eds) Handbook of critical intercultural communication. Duoethnography facilitates stratified, nested, auto-ethnographic accounts of a given research context or question, designed to emphasize the complex, reflexive, and aesthetic aspects of both the work in process and the product. Accessed 14 Nov 2017, Denzin NK (2014) Interpretive autoethnography, 2nd edn. This chapter concludes by suggesting that, as ELT comprises many non-Western and non-hegemonic voices, it is necessary for the discipline to work toward decolonizing ethnographic scholarship in ways that allow for the needs and interest of the researched to be served rather than (mainly) the needs of the researcher. Let us analyse them in more detail. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02899-2_55, Second Handbook of English Language Teaching, Springer International Handbooks of Education, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1532708617728955, http://www.leeds.ac.uk/educol/documents/168227.htm, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/11/14/british-explorer-benedict-allen-goes-missing-papua-new-guinea/, https://www.theguardian.com/media/media-blog/2017/nov/19/uk-media-should-stop-peddling-colonial-era-narratives, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/tesj.305/full, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00131911.2017.1293615?needAccess=true, Reference Module Humanities and Social Sciences, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Routledge, New York/Abingdon, pp 222236, Ono KA (2013) Reflections on problematizing nation in intercultural communication research. [2] Please log in from an authenticated institution or log into your member profile to access the email feature. It is this critical analysis where personal experience is related to theoretical constructs that takes it to the level of a critical research method. 5 Structured Vignette Analysis Autoethnography In:Autoethnography The SAGE encyclopedia of social science research methods Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.; 2004:47-48. doi:10.4135/9781412950589.n41. In: Bigelow M, Ennser-Kananen J (eds) The Routledge handbook of educational linguistics. J Lang Identity Educ 11(2):124135, Canagarajah AS (2012b) Teacher development in a global profession: an autoethnography. Lewis-Beck, M. S., Bryman, A. and Futing Liao, T. 2004. To look inward with radical honesty can be a vulnerable and valuable process. [1] In the 1970s it was more simply defined as "insider ethnography", referring to the fact that the group of study is the ethnographer's own. TESOL Q 50(3):572596, Belcher D, Connor U (eds) (2001) Reflections on multiliterate lives. Ethnography, on the other hand, is another kind of study of human beings, but this field specially deals with different cultures and tries to understand the diverse patterns of behavior around the globe. Ethnography in qualitative educational research, Reeves, S. et al. In our research question, they might think about the way a teenager with DMD thinks about the progression of their disease, or how their sense of personal identity changes over time. From their observations they interpret and construct meanings from what they observe. Answer a handful of multiple-choice questions to see which statistical method is best for your data. As seen on TV: An autoethnographic reflection on race and reality television. 35, no. Autobiography vs Autoethnography Autoethnography vs Taxonomy An autoethnography (sometimes referred to as a self-study or autobiography) is a form of research in which a researcher self-reflects and analyzes their personal experiences and perspectives to better understand a cultural, social, psychological, or political phenomenon. Please save your results to "My Self-Assessments" in your profile before navigating away from this page. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, vol. Autoethnography and Ethnography in English Language Teaching. Anthropological studies draw knowledge from other social sciences, biological sciences and physical sciences as well. Autoethnography. Autoethnographic inquirers use their own experiences to garner insights into the larger culture or subculture of which they are a part. In The SAGE encyclopedia of social science research methods (pp. Anthropology has been divided into main four sub-disciplines, namely, socio-cultural anthropology, biological/physical anthropology, archaeology and linguistics. http://www.theaudiopedia.com What is AUTOETHNOGRAPHY? Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek, Dessaix R (1994) A mothers disgrace. Whereas an autobiography is written on the basis of own memories and experiences. Autoethnography involves reflection of the individuals own personal experiences within a particular context, with the aim of critically examining the socio-cultural narratives within which their life is embedded. Qualitative Inquiry, 7, 131157. Look for the words HTML or . London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2019. Marchal defines auto-ethnography as "a form or method of research that involves self-observation and reflexive investigation in the context of ethnographic field work and writing". Hence, ethnology mostly deals with the patterns of behavior of people in terms of customs, organizations, political and economic systems, art and music, etc. Autoethnography is a self-reflective form of writing used across various disciplines such as communication studies, performance studies . Crucially, the key element in autoethnography, as apposed to ethnography, is that the researcher is a part of the community / culture being . Autoethnography. That is, it is a textual record of people and places, and way of doing qualitative research that relies on participant observation or using the ethnographic method of embedding the researcher in settings in order to write about social groups unlike those of the re searcher. In: Gao, X. It provides background for those who will encounter this methodology in their reading rather than instructions for carrying out such research. Quotes tagged as "ethnography" Showing 1-17 of 17. Both together make the word Anthropology conveying the idea of the study of mankind. "Graphy" = writing. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 17:577582, Henderson B (2017) British explorer Benedict Allen goes missing in jungle while searching for lost tribe. Ethnography involves a researcher writing about a group of people, while in autoethnography the group writes about itself. Meanwhile, a contrasting view is in ethnography. Javascript must be enabled for the correct page display, Watch videos from a variety of sources bringing classroom topics to life, Explore hundreds of books and reference titles. Therefore, autoethnography is not self-representation, but a collaboration of mixed ideas and values form both the dominant and subordinate cultures. In: Holman-Jones S, Adams TE, Ellis C (eds) Handbook of autoethnography. Sense Publishers, Rotterdam, pp 5168, Tran LT, Vu TTP (2017) Agency in mobility: towards a conceptualisation of international student agency in transnational mobility. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532708617728952. In these descriptions, the ethnologist may not just report what h/she gathers but they ask the questions why and how these things also happen . 5 As a method/orientation, the term "autoethnography" appeared formally in the 1970s but did not receive much academic attention until the 1990s. Filed Under: Education Tagged With: Anthropology, anthropology and ethnography, Anthropology and Ethnography Differences, anthropology definition, ethnography, ethnography definition, Ethnology. University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia, Stanley, P. (2019). London: McGraw Hill, Holliday A (2009) The role of culture in English language teaching: key challenges. Your email address will not be published. SAGE Research Methods. J Multiling Multicult Dev 36(1):8093, Leeds-Hurwitz W (2013) Writing the intellectual history of intercultural communication. Autoethnography has recently become a popular form of qualitative research. Buenos Aires: Emec. But it is argued that the approaches taken to autoethnography in ELT are somewhat different from those taken in other disciplines, and it is posited that ELT autoethnographers may be ignoring one or more of the key tenets of autoethnography. The major interest of this field is to investigate details on the past and present status of human beings. Wiley, Chichester, pp 2133, MacLure M, Stronach I (1993) Jack in two boxes: a postmodern perspective on the transformation of persons into portraits. Ethnography has been described as both an ethics and an epistemology. Javascript must be enabled for the correct page display, Watch videos from a variety of sources bringing classroom topics to life, Explore hundreds of books and reference titles. A "contact zone," according to Pratt, is where two cultures "meet, clash, and grapple with each other"(625). Routledge, Abingdon/New York, Starfield S (2013) Researcher reflexivity. They are meant to address the speaker's own . Routledge, Abingdon/New York, pp 3342, Bristow J (2015) Empire boys: adventures in a mans world. In: Clifford J, Marcus GE (eds) Writing culture. Sage Publications, Inc., https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412950589.n41. In: Tilley-Lubbs GA, Bnard Calva S (eds) Re-telling our stories: critical autoethnographic narratives. Thus, analytic autoethnography is directed towards objective writing and analysis of a particular group, whereas evocative autoethnography aims toward researchers' introspection on a particular topic to allow readers to make a connection with the researchers' feelings and experiences. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek, Iams S (2016) Unpacking the native speaker knapsack: an autoethnographic account of privilege in TESOL. Sign in here to access your reading lists, saved searches and alerts. Administrators and Non-Institutional Users: The SAGE Encyclopedia of Social Science Research Methods, Add this content to your learning management system or webpage by copying the code below into the HTML editor on the page. Difference Between Ethnography and Ethnology, Difference Between Case Study and Ethnography, Difference Between Research Methods and Research Methodology. An autoethnography is a research and writing approach that seeks to describe and systematically analyze personal experience so as to understand cultural experience of an individual from a given culture (Ellis, 2004). Multicult Educ Rev 8(4):240252, Jenks CJ (2017) The semiotics of learning Korean at home: an ecological autoethnographic perspective. It is an ethic in that it suggests that we should actually talk to people and not just analyse their products. Autoethnography, In P. Atkinson, S. Delamont, A. Cernat, J.W. Create lists of favorite content with your personal profile for your reference or to share. Int J Soc Res Methodol 20(2):181194, Gopaul B (2011) Distinction in doctoral education: using Bourdieus tools to assess the socialization of doctoral students. "I want to understand the world from your point of view. Autoethnography is an approach to research and writing that seeks to describe and systematically analyze personal experience in order to understand cultural experience. Routledge, New York, Riley T (2015) I know Im generalizing but: how teachers perceptions influence ESL learner placement. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Copyright 2010-2018 Difference Between. Accessed 24 Nov 2017, Hirsch A (2017) Benedict Allen coverage shows the UK media is stuck in the era of empire. you can save clips, playlists and searches. ), SAGE Research Methods Foundations. Performing Autoethnography: An Embodied Methodological Praxis, Spry, T. http://www.nyu.edu/pages/classes/bkg/methods/spry.pdf. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. Int J Sociol Lang 2013(222):131155, Canagarajah AS, Stanley P (2015) Working with linguistic minority populations: ethical considerations. All forms share the 'graph' root: they seek to 'write' some human experience, to represent it to an audience. ACRL Publications, Chicago, pp 315346, Siganporia H (2018) In which I am sung to, cry, and other suchlike: reflections on research in and with Tibetan refugees in India. Look for the words HTML. Autoethnography: Process, Product, and Possibility for Critical Social Research provides a short introduction to the methodological tools and concepts of autoethnography, combining theoretical approaches with practical "how to" information. This entry adopts a broad view of autoethnography, with attention to different approaches and applications of this term. Below, the ten phases are explained along with their retelling as autoethnographic prompts. This presents methodological considerations for researchers embarking on autoethnography and invokes membership in the culture of adult transformative learning. Autoethnography raises questions about the insider/outsider dichotomy and the construction of the objective observer. This methods book will guide the reader through the process of conducting and producing an autoethnographic study through the understanding of self, other, and Through this autoethnography, I would like to explain more about vegetarianism and its benefits and how it can make us feel good about ourselves. To enhance your experience on our site, SAGE stores cookies on your computer. In: Stanley P, Vass G (eds) Questions of culture in autoethnography. Lewis-Beck, Michael S., Alan BrymanTim Futing Liao (2004). These ethnographies reflect the knowledge and the living system of a cultural group and always the ethnography deals with empirical data. We found other relevant content for you on other SAGE platforms. This book is a must read! Routledge, Abingdon/New York, pp 118128, Simon-Maeda A (2011) Being and becoming a speaker of Japanese: an autoethnographic account. It can refer to the ethnography of one's own group but also to the use of personal narrative in ethnographic writing. They might chose to explore how an individual assigns meaning or interprets the things they experience. First ethnography is, in its simplest terms, writing about culture. In: Paul Atkinson, ed., SAGE Research Methods Foundations. Please save your results to "My Self-Assessments" in your profile before navigating away from this page. As a noun ethnography is (anthropology) the branch of anthropology that scientifically describes specific human cultures and societies. Administrators and Non-Institutional Users: Add this content to your learning management system or webpage by copying the code below into the HTML editor on the page. Autoethnography. This visualization demonstrates how methods are related and connects users to relevant content. Autoethnography, like ethnography, is both method and text. It is also about what this form of writing means for writers who want to perform work that leads to social justice. These are, firstly, a rejection of putatively objective cultural models; secondly, problematizing the written conventions of ethnographic texts; thirdly, greater awareness of researcher positionality; and fourthly, taking a more robust ethical stance in which the purposes and beneficiaries of our research are foregrounded. Ethnography is the detailed account that the ethnologist prepares after his/her studies. By continuing to use this site you consent to receive cookies. This field of study deals with all varieties of man in past and present. Anthropology has its holistic approach to man whereas ethnography attempts to understand why and how people differ from past to present based on their thinking and acting. We found other relevant content for you on other SAGE platforms. Multilingual Matters, Bristol, Phan HLL (2017) Transnational education crossing the West and Asia: adjusted desire, transformative mediocrity, and neo-colonial disguise. Routledge, Abingdon/New York, Pink S (2015) Doing sensory ethnography, 2nd edn. Romant Rev 98(2/3):123134, Bnard Calva S (2014) Atrapada en provincia: Un ejercicio autoetnogrfico de imaginacin sociolgica [Trapped in the provinces: an autoethnographic exercise in sociological imagination]. Login or create a profile so that Emphasis can be placed, therefore, more on the self or the social. Note: For the purpose of this essay, vegetarians are people who do not eat meat, fish or egg. Coming from Engineering cum Human Resource Development background, has over 10 years experience in content developmet and management. In: Nunan D, Choi J (eds) Language and culture: reflective narratives and the emergence of identity. The purpose is to represent vs control and predict stories and theories have different purposes. TESOL Q 36(1):8492, Le Roux CS (2017) Exploring rigor in autoethnographic research. In: Chappelle CA (ed) Encyclopedia of applied linguistics. Reed-Danahay, Deborah. View or download all content my institution has access to. Emphasis can be placed, therefore, more on the self or the social. Routledge, New York, pp 2337, McDonald E (2011) Learning Chinese, turning Chinese: challenges to becoming sinophone in a globalised world. TESOL Q 46(2):258279, Canagarajah AS (2013) Reconstructing heritage language: resolving dilemmas in language maintenance for Sri Lankan Tamil migrants. Autoethnography Outline 1. 47-48 Available at: [Accessed 4 Nov 2022]. According to Marchal (2010), "autoethnography is a form or method of research that involves self-observation and reflexive investigation in the context of ethnographic field work and writing" (p. 43). This is a book about the writing called autoethnography. It is a must read for advanced, seriously committed narrative, autoethnographic researchers and writers. Autoethnographic inquirers use their own experiences to garner insights into the larger culture or subculture of which they are a part. Goldschmidt ( 1977) called all ethnography "self-ethnography" in that ethnographic representations privilege personal beliefs, perspectives, and observations (p. 294). Also known as all kinds of things, but amongst my favourites 'Critical Autobiography', 'Ethnographic memoir', 'Postmodern ethnography' and 'Reflexive ethnography'. London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2019. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781526421036815143. 4 Nov 2022, doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412950589.n41. Title of your project (not bolded or underlined) Introduction: 1. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 25, 413433. In: Stanley P, Vass G (eds) Questions of culture in autoethnography. Accessed 6 Dec 2017, Tilley-Lubbs GA (2016) Good intentions pave the road to hierarchy: a retrospective autoethnographic approach. However, anthropology is one of the major and important field in Sociology. Ethnography is characterised by extended periods of fieldwork, in which the researcher spends a considerable amount of time observing the events and interactions taking place in the normal everyday activities of the individuals within a particular community. Reed-Danahay, Deborah. From their observations they interpret and construct meanings from what they observe. Another important emphasis introduced in this period is the emphasis on the affective dialectic between writer and reader. What dos AUTOETHNOGRAPHY mean? https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781526421036815143. Writing the self into research: Using grounded theory analytic strategies in autoethnography, Pace, S. http://www.textjournal.com.au/speciss/issue13/Pace.pdf. I know Im unlovable: Desperation, dislocation, despair, and discourse on the academic job hunt. Routledge, Abingdon/New York, pp 244252, Stanley P (2017) A critical auto/ethnography of learning Spanish: intercultural competence on the gringo trail? Sage, Thousand Oaks, McCarty TL (2015) Ethnography in educational linguistics. Angus & Robertson, Sydney, Dreyfus S (2017) Mum, the pot broke: taking responsibility (or not) in language. However, the key difference between both is that the anthropology is the study of man, both in the present and past. Autoethnography is a form of qualitative research in which an author uses self-reflection and writing to explore their personal experience and connect this autobiographical story to broader cultural, political, and social meanings and understandings. Autoethnography combines an autobiographical genre of writing with Lewis-Beck, M. S., Bryman, A., & Futing Liao, T. (2004). Autoethnography requires quantitative and qualitative research. Routledge, Abingdon/New York, Nunan D, Choi J (2011) Shifting sands: the evolving story of voice in qualitative research. Lewis-Beck, Michael S., Alan Bryman, and Tim Futing Liao. Learn More about Embedding icon link (opens in new window), Have you created a personal profile? The Guardian (UK). In: Hult F, Johnson DC (eds) Research methods in language policy and planning. Correspondence to Introduction: Ethnography Examples. Atkinson, P. 2006 . Altamira Press, Walnut Creek, Ellis L (2016) The plurilingual TESOL teacher: the hidden language lives of TESOL teachers and why they matter. Springer, Cham. 449-450), autoethnographies "vary in their emphasis on the writing and research process (graphy), cuture (ethnos), and self (auto)" (Reed-Danahay, 1997, p. @media (max-width: 1171px) { .sidead300 { margin-left: -20px; } } Lewis-Beck, Michael S., et al. This article focuses on another important qualitative methodology: ethnography. In: Denzin NK, Lincoln YS (eds) The Sage handbook of qualitative research, 5th edn. For some who use the term, it is primarily about forms of self-ethnography, but for others, it is about ethnographic reflections upon one's own group. It is an epistemology in that it highlights the idea of knowledge production that asserts that textual analysis alone cannot sufficiently illuminate social practices . Int J Soc Res Methodol 20(2):195207, Learmonth M, Humphreys M (2011) Autoethnography and academic identity: glimpsing business school doppelgangers. Anthropology has a holistic approach towards its studies. Add this content to your learning management system or webpage by copying the code below into the HTML editor on the page. Find step-by-step guidance to complete your research project. Autoethnography is typically defined as an approach to research that puts the self at the center of cultural analysis. Usually, the way of thinking and acting vary from one person to another as well as from one culture to another culture. In: Hinkel E (ed) Handbook of research in second language teaching and learning, vol 2. Sign up for a free trial and experience all SAGE Research Methods has to offer.

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autoethnography vs ethnography